Can a deer and a donkey reproduce

Why can’t mules reproduce? ... their offspring will inherit 32 horse chromosomes and 31 donkey chromosomes, which, as you can ... you’d see mounds of earth in the shapes of birds, bear, deer ...

Can a deer and a donkey reproduce. Thus, in several of the older accounts of deer-horse hybrids, it is the anterior portion of the hybrid that is horse-like, while the posterior is deer-like, which is the same configuration as Adlersflügel’s deer-donkey hybrid pictured …

The mating of a male horse, known as a stallion, and a female donkey, known as a jenny, is possible. However, the resulting offspring, known as a mule, is usually sterile. This means that mules are generally unable to reproduce and have offspring of their own. The genetics behind mule reproduction are complex.

While beefalo meat isn’t as popular as it used to be, you can still find it in upscale groceries and restaurants. Because beefalo hybrids are fertile, healthy, and functional, they’re one of the most successful and easy to raise hybrids. 2. Geep (Sheep-Goat Hybrid) This hybrid is much less successful than beefalo. One peculiarity of donkey reproduction is the longer time it takes for the jack to achieve an erection and ejaculate. Jacks will usually need 5-30 minutes (compared with 10-11 minutes) to complete a breeding. The teasing behavior usually includes vocalization, sniffing the vulva of the female, flehmen and one or more mounts before penile ... The Donkey Sanctuary confirms that donkeys can eat apples. Apples are actually very popular with donkeys, but an apple should be given as a treat rather than as a staple item of a ...If they are, then they can mate and produce fertile offspring. Looking at the names of a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and moose (Alces alces) - one could infer that they would be unable to produce fertile offspring. There are some exceptions to this rule (for example, the mule is a cross between horse and ...You can make mules by breeding a male donkey with a female horse. but mules themselves can not reproduce. They are sterile. (99.9% of the time) note: a hinny is the baby of a male horse and a ...The Zonkey is a hybrid animal that is created by cross-breeding two different species of animal that belong to the same genetic group. Technically though, an individual is only classed as a Zonkey if it is sired from a male Zebra and female Donkey, as one that has a male Donkey and female Zebra parents are known as a Zedonk.If you live in an area with deer, you've likely seen some of your plants gone overnight. Read on to find out how to prevent damage and protect your garden. Expert Advice On Improvi...

Oct 8, 2022 · Can a deer and an antelope reproduce? deer and hybrid antelope. Antelope hybrids abound in zoos, usually due to a lack of more suitable counterparts in the enclosure. … A mating between a male eland and a female kudu produced a male-sterile hybrid resembling the eland. Can a donkey and a cow have a baby? InnerPlant helps farmers reduce the amount of chemical pesticides needed or harvests lost to pathogen attacks, like fungal. The world is headed for a food shortage by 2050 as its p...Though this kind of species and breeds crossing does not usually appear in nature, with the intervention of humans, we now have zonkeys, ligers, and Savannah cats. These animals are typically infertile, with some exceptions, such as the coywolf (not to be confused with a coy wolf), a mix of a coyote and a wolf, and can further reproduce.Donkey and Horse Offspring. Mules have a donkey father (jack) and a horse mother (mare). Hinnies have a horse father (stallion) and a donkey mother (jenny). Hinnies are usually physically weaker than mules. ... Mules can reproduce with horses or donkeys. Although this doesn’t happen frequently, it is occasionally possible. A Donkule …Sort by: bonkly68. • 3 yr. ago. Eugene McCarthy is an authority on hybrids, having published books on the topic. You can check out his website. Many hybrids more distant than reindeer and whitetail deer are documented, so the hybrid you've seen …(a) Donkey and horse should be considered one single species because they can successfully mate and produce an offspring. (b) Donkey and horse are two different genera. (c) Mule is a separate species. (d) Mule is neither a donkey nor a horse.Jun 10, 2022 · Cow elk can reproduce after just one year, while bulls don’t reach sexual maturity until two years. Bulls younger than 5 or older than 11 usually mate with fewer cows than bulls who are in their prime. Bulls in their prime can commonly be found with large harems, while the young and old bulls tend to have only one or a couple of mates. Can zebras and horses mate? Horses and zebras can reproduce, and whether the result is a zorse or a hebra depends on the parents. It's an unusual pairing usually requiring human help. Other zebra hybrids include the zonkey. Properly imprinted, equine hybrids can be trained like other domestic donkeys and horses.

Mules — the offspring of female horses and male donkeys — are generally sterile and can't reproduce. But a female mule in Colbran, Colo., has recently become a mother, and her owners are ...No a mule can not produce, for the record, donkeys can reproduce but unfortunately, this hardy creature called “mules” can not reproduce at all. And there is a legitimate reason that our readers might not be aware of. Rest assured, we would surely be discussing this matter in detail. First of all, allow us to introduce mules just so our ...6) Differences in physical appearance. Donkeys are lower than horses. A fully grown donkey will be around 36 to 54 inches (90- 137 cm) from the withers to the hoof. Horses, on the other hand, are around 63 inches on average (160 cm). This means that donkeys are harder to ride and the horse is a much more efficient animal to ride over longer ...When a horse and a donkey are mated, their offspring, a mule, is typically sterile. This is an example of which of the following? ... The reproductive barrier by which hybrid offspring have the ability to reproduce but their offspring do not is known as. ... a mule is sterile. However, in a few cases mules can produce offspring but their offspring are sterile. This …

Ups drop off guntersville al.

Donkeys can reproduce, it’s a mule that can’t. Mule is the outcome of donkey-horse breeding, the difference in the number of chromosomes makes them sterile, unable to reproduce. Mules may look identical to both parents but are not true to any form. Is a mule male or female? A mule can either be a female or a male. However most …Estrous cycle. The duration of the donkey estrous cycle (∼23–27 days) tends to be longer than mares (∼21 days), whereas mules tend to be intermediary (22 days). 5. , 13. , 14. In donkeys, diestrus varies from 15 to 19 days, estrus varies from 4 to 10 days, and ovulation occurs the day before the end of estrus. 5.Donkeys can live well into their 40s. Male donkeys are called jacks, and females are called jennets. Donkeys have 62 chromosomes and horses 64, but they can interbreed. A mule is the offspring of ... One peculiarity of donkey reproduction is the longer time it takes for the jack to achieve an erection and ejaculate. Jacks will usually need 5-30 minutes (compared with 10-11 minutes) to complete a breeding. The teasing behavior usually includes vocalization, sniffing the vulva of the female, flehmen and one or more mounts before penile ... The chances that two different species can form working homologous pairs are slim. Males of interspecies hybrids are usually sterile (their sperm doesn’t develop completely), and fertile females appear rarely. Our molly mule has an extra strike against her because horses have 64 chromosomes (32 pairs), and donkeys have 62 …Deer species like white-tailed deer, mule deer, and fallow deer showcase unique morphological differences in size, antler structure (bifurcated or multi-pointed), and coat patterns (solid or spotted). Understanding the taxonomy and classification of these magnificent creatures adds depth to our appreciation of their diversity within the …

Feb 19, 2024 · Yes, donkeys can reproduce. Some people believe that donkeys cannot reproduce, but this is because donkeys and mules are commonly mistaken for one another. A donkey is not a mule. People who own donkeys say that it often takes more time for donkeys to reproduce. A horse has 64 chromosomes and a donkey has 62. A mule inherits 32 horse chromosomes from mom and 31 donkey chromosomes from dad, for a total of 63 chromosomes. Contents [ show] Categories: A gimerro is an animal born of a horse and a cow; or of a bull and a mare; or of an ass and a cow. The first two sorts are generally as …Reproduction And Life Cycle Of Mule Deer & Whitetail Deer. Let’s explore the nuances of their mating seasons, breeding patterns, and development stages, this exploration aims to unveil the unique aspects that define the reproduction and life cycles of these iconic North American deer. ... Although both Mule Deer and Whitetail can …Horses and zebras can reproduce, and whether the result is a zorse or a hebra depends on the parents. It’s an unusual pairing usually requiring human help. Other zebra hybrids include the zonkey. Properly imprinted, equine hybrids can be trained like other domestic donkeys and horses. Can a deer and a horse mate?Mules & Donkeys 101. By Dr. Amy K. McLean. Anatomical Differences of the Donkey and Mule. By Suzanne L. Burnham, DVM. Donkey Differences In Regards to Reproduction. By Dr. Amy K. McLean. Selecting the Jack of Hearts. By Dr. Amy K. McLean. Donkey Breeds in Europe. By Waltraud Kugler, Hans-PeterGrunenfelder, Elli BroxhamA horse has 64 chromosomes and a donkey has 62. A mule inherits 32 horse chromosomes from mom and 31 donkey chromosomes from dad, for a total of 63 chromosomes. Contents [ show] Categories: A gimerro is an animal born of a horse and a cow; or of a bull and a mare; or of an ass and a cow. The first two sorts are generally as …8. A horse and a donkey can successfully mate to produce an offspring known as a mule. Mules are sterile, display a mixture of donkey and horse traits, and have a different number of chromosomes from both parent species. Would mules be classified as their own species? Yes; the fact that they have a different number of chromosomes makes them ...The gestation length for donkeys is long, and it has been reported as 333-395 days (Miragaya et al., 2018); the gestation period is an important part of donkey reproduction stewardship. The ...These articles answer common questions about deer, including what they eat, when they’re most active, the reproductive cycle and process, and the ways deer interact with humans in the suburbs and elsewhere. Scroll down to learn more about some of the unique things that deer do, and discover why they act the way that they do.Dec 29, 2023 · This topic delves into the realms of hybridization, genetic diversity, and the fascinating ways in which nature can sometimes blur the boundaries between closely related species. Join us as we explore the intriguing question of whether a horse and deer can reproduce and unveil the fascinating secrets that lie within the world of animal ...

Donkey and Mule Reproduction 609. Progesterone concentration remains low up to the day after ovulation, slowly in-creases until 4 to 6 days post-ovulation, plateaus by days 14 to 16 post-ovulation and then starts to decline to reach baseline concentrations (<1 ng/mL) in 2 days.17 In donkeys, 17b-estradiol increases from 10 pg/mL during early estrus to peak

Without the stomach, digestion would not be possible, and the deer would struggle to absorb nutrients. If a deer is shot in the gut, it can cause significant damage to the digestive tract, leading to sepsis, infection and death. Additionally, a gut shot deer will likely run several hundred yards before expiring.Cows and horses cannot crossbreed even though they can mate. Their size and body composition make mating possible, while their genetics make successful breeding impossible. They can, however, crossbreed with other animals that may be on a farm. hardy_katrin_sirion. 386 followers.The offspring of a donkey and a horse is called a mule. Mules are hybrid animals resulting from the breeding of a male donkey, or jack, with a female horse, or mare. However, mules are generally sterile and cannot reproduce. This is due to the differences in the number of chromosomes between horses and donkeys.China is redirecting its trade of donkey hides. China has a plan to address the ban on exports of donkey slaughter imposed by many African countries it was used to trading with: to...Deer are herding herbivorous animals that are found in temperate forests, temperate swamps, boreal forests, and cold bogs. Males of the species are called Bucks and can be distinguished by the presense of antlers and larger visual size, while females are called Does and are visually smaller and lack antlers. Young deer of both genders are … The donkey is similar in many respects to the horse, and equine practitioners, if lucky enough to be afforded the opportunity, can easily adapt to this interesting species. This paper can serve as a short review of donkey reproduction. 2. Female Reproduction. The jenny (jennet) is very similar in many reproduc-tive aspects to the horse mare. The mating of a male horse, known as a stallion, and a female donkey, known as a jenny, is possible. However, the resulting offspring, known as a mule, is usually sterile. This means that mules are generally unable to reproduce and have offspring of their own. The genetics behind mule reproduction are complex. One peculiarity of donkey reproduction is the longer time it takes for the jack to achieve an erection and ejaculate. Jacks will usually need 5-30 minutes (compared with 10-11 minutes) to complete a breeding. The teasing behavior usually includes vocalization, sniffing the vulva of the female, flehmen and one or more mounts before penile ... Horses and donkeys can reproduce to create hybrid offspring like mules and hinnies. The reproductive processes and behaviors of donkeys and horses are quite similar. …In the garden, worms are extremely helpful; however, in your computer, worms are only good for one thing -- damage. Worms are just as dangerous as viruses, according to the website...

Na na na lyrics.

For more info.

When a horse and a donkey are mated, their offspring, a mule, is typically sterile. This is an example of which of the following? ... The reproductive barrier by which hybrid offspring have the ability to reproduce but their offspring do not is known as. ... a mule is sterile. However, in a few cases mules can produce offspring but their offspring are sterile. This …A zonkey is a hybrid animal born from a zebra mother and a donkey father. This crossbreeding results in an animal that shares characteristics of both its parent species, …Reproductive biotechnology. Donkey sexual behavior. 1. Introduction. Donkeys belong to the perissodactyla order, equidae family, including the Equus genus, …Hinny. A hinny is a domestic equine hybrid, the offspring of a male horse (a stallion) and a female donkey (a jenny). It is the reciprocal cross to the more common mule, which is the product of a male donkey (a jack) and a female horse (a mare ). The hinny is distinct from the mule both in physiology and temperament as a consequence of genomic ...I wouldn't plow ahead with buying Deere &amp; Co. (DE) stock despite an analyst's thumbs up, writes technical analyst Bruce Kamich, who says the technical picture of th...Sep 13, 2019 · The female donkey is often known as a mare or jenny, the male as a donkey stallion or jack. Sexual behaviour is often more exaggerated in the donkey and stallion-like behaviour may persist in the male donkey after castration. It is recommended that, unless being used for breeding, all male donkeys are castrated between 6 and 18 months of age. Why can’t mules reproduce with mules? In the mule, the horse and the donkey each had 64 and 62 chromosomes, respectively. This uneven shuffling of the deck results in the mule getting 63 chromosomes. To reproduce requires an even number of chromosomes, so mules can’t have babies.Deer are herding herbivorous animals that are found in temperate forests, temperate swamps, boreal forests, and cold bogs. Males of the species are called Bucks and can be distinguished by the presense of antlers and larger visual size, while females are called Does and are visually smaller and lack antlers. Young deer of both genders are …China is redirecting its trade of donkey hides. China has a plan to address the ban on exports of donkey slaughter imposed by many African countries it was used to trading with: to...Hinnies are mules which are sterile, there is about a 5% chance that females will be able to reproduce again. Male mules are 100% unable to reproduce offspring. ….

"Working donkeys are vital to people’s livelihoods here." While other African countries are banning the export of donkey skins, Kenya is doing a brisk trade in the commodity so sou...Reproductive behaviours. Sexual behaviour is often more exaggerated in the donkey and stallion-like behaviour may persist in the male donkey after castration. It is recommended that, unless being used for breeding, all male donkeys are castrated between 6 and 18 months of age. Females will start cycling regularly between 10 and 22 …An ass and a donkey are terms often used interchangeably to refer to the same animal, while a mule is a hybrid offspring produced by crossing a male donkey (jack) with a female horse (mare). It is understandable that these terms can become confused with each other since they are all similar in some ways. Moreover, many people use these … The tail of a hybrid looks very much like a typical whitetail, but is usually longer and dark brown or black on the back surface. The preorbital gland in front of the eye is intermediate in depth or might be deep like a mule deer’s. Antlers are typically more whitetail-like, but might fork in older hybrids. Chinese demand for donkey gelatin could decimate African countries' donkey populations. African countries are beginning to worry about their donkeys. Niger announced this week that...Reproductive behaviours. Sexual behaviour is often more exaggerated in the donkey and stallion-like behaviour may persist in the male donkey after castration. It is recommended that, unless being used for breeding, all male donkeys are castrated between 6 and 18 months of age. Females will start cycling regularly between 10 and 22 … Reproduction and Life Cycle. The reproductive behavior of donkeys includes some unique characteristics: Donkeys have a seasonal breeding pattern, but they can breed throughout the year depending on the climate and conditions. Jacks (male donkeys) can become quite assertive and vocal during the breeding season. Why Can’t Mules Have Babies? A mule is a hybrid of a female horse and a male donkey. Mules are infertile because they have an odd number of chromosomes. This is due to a horse having 64 chromosomes and a donkey having 62 chromosomes. This prevents the mule from creating gametes. Mules have the best of both worlds.Jun 21, 2023 · Most people know about mules, which are a cross between a male donkey (jack) and a female horse (mare). However, a male horse (stallion) and a female donkey (jenny) will produce a hinny, which looks similar to a mule. Like mules, hinnies generally can’t reproduce because of their chromosomes. Let’s delve into that a little bit and go over ... Donkey vs Horse: Lifespan. Horses live longer than donkeys on average. Donkeys can live between 15 and 30 years depending on a lot of factors. Although many donkeys are cared for by owners in farmlands, rigorous work will take its toll on these creatures and lower the amount of time they live. When cared for well, donkeys can live … Can a deer and a donkey reproduce, "Working donkeys are vital to people’s livelihoods here." While other African countries are banning the export of donkey skins, Kenya is doing a brisk trade in the commodity so sou..., Horses have 64 chromosomes, and donkeys only have 62—32 chromosomes from the horse parent and 31 chromosomes from the donkey parent equal 63 chromosomes total. In most cases, different species can’t reproduce, but donkeys and horses have enough DNA in common to make hybrids possible., That being said, deer aren’t a threat. If a deer comes near a donkey, it won’t feel the need to act intimidating. While a deer won’t approach the donkey, it won’t leave either. Now, every situation is different. If the donkey does start acting protective over the property when a deer approaches, then the deer will be frightened away. , Estrous cycle. The duration of the donkey estrous cycle (∼23–27 days) tends to be longer than mares (∼21 days), whereas mules tend to be intermediary (22 days). 5. , 13. , 14. In donkeys, diestrus varies from 15 to 19 days, estrus varies from 4 to 10 days, and ovulation occurs the day before the end of estrus. 5., Without the stomach, digestion would not be possible, and the deer would struggle to absorb nutrients. If a deer is shot in the gut, it can cause significant damage to the digestive tract, leading to sepsis, infection and death. Additionally, a gut shot deer will likely run several hundred yards before expiring., Yes, a deer and a horse can mate. The offspring of a deer and horse is called a “hind,” and these animals are usually sterile. Yes, a deer and horse can mate. They are not the same species, but they are closely related enough that they can produce offspring. The resulting offspring is called a “hird.”. This is not a common occurrence ... , Jun 10, 2022 · Cow elk can reproduce after just one year, while bulls don’t reach sexual maturity until two years. Bulls younger than 5 or older than 11 usually mate with fewer cows than bulls who are in their prime. Bulls in their prime can commonly be found with large harems, while the young and old bulls tend to have only one or a couple of mates. , Donkeys can reproduce, it’s a mule that can’t. Mule is the outcome of donkey-horse breeding, the difference in the number of chromosomes makes them sterile, unable to reproduce. Mules may look identical to both parents but are not true to any form. Is a mule male or female? A mule can either be a female or a male. However most …, Can a horse and a donkey's offspring reproduce? Flexi Says: When a male donkey mates with a female horse, a mule is produce that can be of either sex. Since mules are …, Most hybrid animals are sterile, meaning they can’t reproduce. That is usually the consequence of different species having a different number of chromosomes. When you compare horse’s and donkey’s biology, you can see that the horse has 64 chromosomes and the donkey only 62. Their interbreeding makes a mule with 63 chromosomes., A donkey has 62 chromosomes while a zebra has between 32 and 46 chromosomes. The chances of conceiving depend on whether or not the gene combination can facilitate embryonic development. Thus the low probability of an offspring being born. Even though they're rare, zonkey's have been documented well into the history of farming., They have trouble making sperm or eggs because their chromosomes don't match up well. And, to a lesser extent, because of their chromosome number. A horse has 64 chromosomes and a donkey has 62. A mule inherits 32 horse chromosomes from mom and 31 donkey chromosomes from dad, for a total of 63 chromosomes. To understand why …, Deer are herding herbivorous animals that are found in temperate forests, temperate swamps, boreal forests, and cold bogs. Males of the species are called Bucks and can be distinguished by the presense of antlers and larger visual size, while females are called Does and are visually smaller and lack antlers. Young deer of both genders are …, We developed a group of genetic markers to analyze pure mule deer, pure whitetails and some known hybrids of various fractions (from captivity) to develop a test that can be used for any deer suspected to be a hybrid. The results were stunning, with known pure mule deer, whitetails and 50:50 hybrids separating out nicely in three discrete clusters., Jul 23, 2022 · Can a horse and a donkey breed? You’re right, a horse and a donkey can have children together. A male horse and a female donkey have a hinny. A female horse and a male donkey have a mule. But hinnies and mules cannot have children of their own. , The chances that two different species can form working homologous pairs are slim. Males of interspecies hybrids are usually sterile (their sperm doesn’t develop completely), and fertile females appear rarely. Our molly mule has an extra strike against her because horses have 64 chromosomes (32 pairs), and donkeys have 62 …, Solution. Two organisms belong to the same species only if they can mate and produce fertile offspring.A horse and a donkey can mate with each other. Their offspring, called a mule is not fertile. So, horses and donkeys do not belong to the same species. Suggest Corrections. , Donkey and Horse Offspring. Mules have a donkey father (jack) and a horse mother (mare). Hinnies have a horse father (stallion) and a donkey mother (jenny). Hinnies are usually physically weaker than mules. ... Mules can reproduce with horses or donkeys. Although this doesn’t happen frequently, it is occasionally possible. A Donkule …, In the garden, worms are extremely helpful; however, in your computer, worms are only good for one thing -- damage. Worms are just as dangerous as viruses, according to the website..., Ok, we knew you were going to ask about the Zonkey eventually, so here’s some information from our friends at Wikipedia: “A zonkey is a cross between a zebra and a donkey. Donkeys are closely related to zebras and both animals belong to the horse family. Zonkeys are very rare”. If you’re being picky, then information from a great ..., The reproductive anatomy of donkeys and horses exhibits noteworthy differences. Understanding these distinctions can shed light on the process of horse-donkey hybridization and the unique aspects of horse and donkey reproduction. Female Reproductive Anatomy: Female donkeys, commonly referred to as jennies, possess a longer cervix compared to mares. , Springdale, Wash., April 27.—Giving birth to a fawn, a Jersey cow on the ranch of G. R. De Vries, five miles from Springdale, a few weeks ago provided a freak of nature never before heard of, according to De Vries. “It is a deer in every particular,” he said. “It is a deer in every particular,” he said., Springdale, Wash., April 27.—Giving birth to a fawn, a Jersey cow on the ranch of G. R. De Vries, five miles from Springdale, a few weeks ago provided a freak of nature never before heard of, according to De Vries. “It is a deer in every particular,” he said. “It is a deer in every particular,” he said., Мы хотели бы показать здесь описание, но сайт, который вы просматриваете, этого не позволяет., Jan 6, 2023 · Before you can breed horses or donkeys in Minecraft, you’ll need to tame two of them. Taming horses and donkeys. The process of taming a horse or donkey in Minecraft is the similar to other ... , Mules have the best of both worlds. Being the hybrid offspring of a female horse and a male donkey, a mule has the sturdy make of a horse, and the muzzle and …, Donkeys can reproduce, it’s a mule that can’t. Mule is the outcome of donkey-horse breeding, the difference in the number of chromosomes makes them sterile, unable to reproduce. Mules may look identical to both parents but are not true to any form. Is a mule male or female? A mule can either be a female or a male. However most …, Zebroids for domestic use are bred for the look of a zebra, tempered by the domesticated nature of a horse or donkey. The crossbreed is often shaped like the non-zebra parent, ..., Ok, we knew you were going to ask about the Zonkey eventually, so here’s some information from our friends at Wikipedia: “A zonkey is a cross between a zebra and a donkey. Donkeys are closely related to zebras and both animals belong to the horse family. Zonkeys are very rare”. If you’re being picky, then information from a great ..., One of the major differences between mule vs donkey is their size. Donkeys are fairly small and most only reach between 36 and 48 inches at the withers (shoulders) – 9 to 12 hands high in horse language. Even the largest breed of donkey, American Mammoth donkeys, only reach around 56 inches., Can male donkeys reproduce with other equine species? The reproductive capability of male donkeys, also known as jacks, has long been a subject of interest in the equine world. While donkeys are closely related to horses and zebras, their ability to reproduce with other equine species is quite limited., Nov 16, 2022 · So, it’s entirely possible for an adult buck’s home range to overlap the ranges of his own female offspring of breeding age, and the odds climb as he gets older. They’ve never documented an individual buck that bred the same doe in multiple years, even though both adults lived in the same area. Dispersal is only the first of many ... , We developed a group of genetic markers to analyze pure mule deer, pure whitetails and some known hybrids of various fractions (from captivity) to develop a test that can be used for any deer suspected to be a hybrid. The results were stunning, with known pure mule deer, whitetails and 50:50 hybrids separating out nicely in three discrete clusters.