Turkish languages

The Turkish language is a part of the Altaic language family and comprises three groups that include Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic. Across the vast territories that span from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, over 30 different languages are spoken. With time, the Turkish language was influenced by other ...

Turkic languages, Family of more than 20 Altaic languages spoken by some 135 million people from the Balkans to central Siberia. The traditional division of Turkic is into four …About 75 million people speak Turkish in Turkey, where Turkish is the official language, and 90% of the population speaks it as a first language. Turkish is also the language spoken at home by those living in areas that had been governed by the Ottoman Empire. For instance, in Bulgaria, there are about 850,000 speakers (Grimes 1992).Ottoman Turkish (Ottoman Turkish: لِسانِ عُثمانى, romanized: Lisân-ı Osmânî, Turkish pronunciation: [liˈsaːnɯ osˈmaːniː]; Turkish: Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language used by the citizens of the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian, and its …Turkish Language Useful tips and phrases to help you get by. Many of the Turkish people that you will come across in Kalkan will have a reasonable understanding of English, particularly in shops and restaurants, but an attempt to use Turkish is very much appreciated and considered good manners.Dec 15, 2018 · 42. Turkish and Hungarian are typologically similar: They are both agglutinating languages with vowel harmony and rather rich vowel inventories. They are, to our best knowledge, not genetically related. Hungarian belongs to the Uralic language family including Finnish, Estonian, Sami, and about a dozen languages spoken in Russia. Category II Languages. It takes approximately 36 weeks (900 hours of practice) to reach professional working proficiency in these languages. Though German is in the same family as English, its nuanced pronunciation gives it a higher difficulty level than other Germanic languages. German. Haitian Creole.Many programs in Turkish universities are taught in Turkish language. However, some departments and universities may offer programs in English and other languages. Candidates who wish to study in such programs must be able to provide an internationally accepted language proficiency certificate. (TOEFL or other equivalent certifications if …Azerbaijan - Ethnic Groups, Languages, Religions: Turkic-speaking Azerbaijanis (Azeris) make up some nine-tenths of the country's population; the remaining population comprises only small concentrations of minorities—among them, Lezgians (who speak a Caucasian language), Russians, and Armenians. Ethnic Azerbaijanis combine in themselves the dominant Turkic strain, which arrived in ...

Turkic languages are currently spoken dominantly in the Turkic republics. The other Turkic languages are also spoken in different coun- tries, such as Tatar language in Russian Federation, Azerbaijani Turkish in Iran, Uigur language in China and Uzbek language in Afghanistan. Although these languages are not under the risk of endangerment in ...Languages of Turkey. The languages of Turkey, apart from the official language Turkish, include the widespread Kurdish ( Kurmanji) and Arabic, and a number of less common minority languages. Four minority languages are officially recognized in the Republic of Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the Turkey-Bulgaria Friendship Treaty ... Are you looking for the best deals on Turkish Airlines bookings? With so many airlines to choose from, it can be hard to know which one offers the best deals. Fortunately, Turkish Airlines has some of the best prices and deals available for...Turkish is the longest documented and most complex of the Turkic languages, and the one with the most speakers (more than 80 million). It is the national language of the Republic of Turkey, a key player in the complex politics of the Middle East, and one of the largest and most dynamic economies of the area, as a major trading partner of the European Union on one side and the countries of the ...Turkish is spoken as a first language by around 66 million people in at least 34 territories. It has spread widely across Europe, especially in countries ...

Through the presence of large Turkish immigrant communities abroad, people living in Western Europe, the USA, Canada, and Australia have become familiar with hearing Turkish spoken around them. For instance, Turkish is the second most widely spoken language in Germany. Another 15 million people across the world speak Turkish as a second language.The Gagauz language might be small and shrinking, said Gullu Karanfil, a linguist and poet who teaches Gagauz and Turkish at Comrat State University, but, “it is part of a big linguistic family ...Modern Turkish is spoken by more than 88 million people around the world, but the origins of this ancient language are shrouded in mystery. Early examples, dating back as far as the 7th century, were discovered across vast regions, from Mongolia to Anatolia, the Balkans and Eastern Europe to Northern Africa.Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand ethnic Greeks who inhabit a few villages in Georgia and southeastern Ukraine.Over the past few generations, there has been a deviation from teaching children Urum to the more common languages of the region, leaving a fairly limited number of new speakers. The Urum language is often considered a variant of Crimean Tatar.Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded the Republic of Turkey, and served as its president from 1923 until his death on 10 November 1938.His personal life has been the subject of numerous studies. According to Turkish historian Kemal H. Karpat, Atatürk's recent bibliography included 7,010 different sources. Atatürk's personal life has its controversies, ranging from where he was born to his correct ...The Turkish language is estimated to be made out of a total of 150,000 words with the largest Turkish dictionary having over 100,000 words. This can look like a really big and frightening number to someone wanting to start learning Turkish, but here's the good news: you only need to know roughly 5% of the total words to be fluent in Turkish.

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Tip #1 Vowel Harmony. One of the first Turkish grammar tips Turkish language learners discover is called vowel harmony. What it means is that the eight Turkish vowels a, e, ı, i, o, ö, u, ü are broken into two different groups. The undotted vowels a, ı, o, u, go together and the dotted vowels i, ö, ü along with e go together.A great number of words of Persian origin have entered the Turkish language. The following is a list of a number of these loanwords. ... Turkish (Turkish alphabet) Persian (Perso-Latin alphabet) Meaning and usage; استاد usta, üstâd ostâd master آشنا aşina: âšnâ familiar افسانه efsane: afsâne legend ادعانامهEasily convert text to speech in Turkish, and 90 more languages. Try our Turkish text to speech free online. No registration required. Create Audio. Text to speech Turkish voices can help you create Turkish narration for videos, and Turkish voiceovers for marketing materials and promotional articles. Use our Turkish text to speech voices to easily …The Kurdish language is known as an Indo-European language (which means it has descended from the original prehistoric language) in contrast to the Turkish language which is from the Turkic language family. Since 1984 Kurds have been active in their peaceful and/or violent actions in order to achieve a Kurdish state.So yes, Turkish is originally an Asian language. Despite having a considerable number of words from Persian, French, Arabic, and English due to the cultural ...

The Siberian Turkic or Northeastern Common Turkic languages, are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family. The following table is based upon the classification scheme presented by Lars Johanson (1998). [1] Two major Turkic languages spoken in Siberia, Siberian Tatar and Southern Altai, are part of the Kipchak subgroup, not the Siberian.Are you interested in learning a new language but find it difficult to fit traditional language classes into your busy schedule? Look no further. Online language classes are revolutionizing the way we learn languages, providing convenience ...The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia. The Turkic languages originated in a region of East Asia … See moreThe Turkish language is a part of the Altaic language family and comprises three groups that include Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic. Across the vast territories that span from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, over 30 different languages are spoken. With time, the Turkish language was influenced by other ...The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers. More than one third of these are ethnic Turks of Turkey, dwelling predominantly in Turkey proper and formerly Ottoman-dominated areas of Southern and Eastern Europe and West Asia; as …The Oghuz languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family, spoken by approximately 108 million people.The three languages with the largest number of speakers are Turkish, Azerbaijani and Turkmen, which, combined, account for more than 95% of speakers.. Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari, who lived in the 11th century, …Addeddate 2020-09-10 16:01:35 Identifier istanbul-kitabi-2020 Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t32324j96 Ocr ABBYY FineReader 11.0 (Extended OCR) Page_number_confidenceTurkish language infoghraphic: With close to 80 million speakers, #Turkish or T#ürkiye Türkçesi is one of the most spoken #Turkic #languages.The Turkish alphabet (Turkish: Türk alfabesi) is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş and Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. This alphabet represents modern Turkish pronunciation with a high ...

Easily convert text to speech in Turkish, and 90 more languages. Try our Turkish text to speech free online. No registration required. Create Audio. Text to speech Turkish voices can help you create Turkish narration for videos, and Turkish voiceovers for marketing materials and promotional articles. Use our Turkish text to speech voices to easily …

About 75 million people speak Turkish in Turkey, where Turkish is the official language, and 90% of the population speaks it as a first language. Turkish is also the language spoken at home by those living in areas that had been governed by the Ottoman Empire. For instance, in Bulgaria, there are about 850,000 speakers (Grimes 1992).Turkic studies encompasses the language and literature of the nation state of Turkey. The various Turkic languages including Turkish, Uzbek, Tatar and the ...Turkish is a Turkic Language and is highly similar to other Turkic Languages. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Turkic Languages and Turkish. The main Turkic Languages are Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Uzbek, Uyghur, Tatar, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz languages. Moreover, grammar and language structure is nearly the same.The Turkish alphabet is used for writing, speaking and reading in Turkish. This alphabet is modified from the Latin alphabet . There are 29 letters in the Turkish alphabet of Turkey. The English letters, "Q", "W" and "X" are not in Turkish alphabet. Seven Turkish letters (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş, and Ü) are in the Turkish alphabet. There are 8 ...About 75 million people speak Turkish in Turkey, where Turkish is the official language, and 90% of the population speaks it as a first language. Turkish is also the language spoken at home by those living in areas that had been governed by the Ottoman Empire. For instance, in Bulgaria, there are about 850,000 speakers (Grimes 1992).This is your ultimate compilation to get started with Turkish in 25 Minutes! Don’t forget to create your free account here https://goo.gl/eWBYb3 to access pe...Turkish is a significant language spoken by 75 million people as their first or second language. It’s also a widely spoken language in parts of Cyprus, the Balkans, and Europe, adding another 15 million people to the Turkish-speaking realm. Thus, the sheer number of speakers puts Turkish in the group of one of the most-spoken…

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Jan 29, 2021 · The U.S. Department of State considers Turkish to be a critical language, meaning it’s one of the most important languages for people to learn. Additionally, learning Turkish can make the handful of other Turkic languages spoken in the region — including Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Uzbek — easier for you to understand. Turkish is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages. Other closely related languages are Azerbaijani and Turkmen. There are just over 80 million speakers of Turkish and it is an official language in both Turkey and Cyprus. There are also small minority communities living in Iraq, Syria, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Greece.Turkish Studies. As a part of the Turkic language family, Turkish is categorized as an agglutinative language, meaning that its structure is rich, highly abstract, and of an intriguing, almost mathematical regularity. Written in Latin characters since 1928, its writing system matches its logical structure. Of the wealth of modern Turkish ...Turkic languages are completely different from Germanic languages and whichever one you choose is going to be a mind-bender. In terms of accessibility, Turkish. Turkey is a highly populated country and there are lots of resources available for learning it. Most other Turkic languages are only spoken by a fraction of the people who can speak ...Let’s start with our favorite courses that offer excellent instruction and quality for people studying Turkish. Top Tier. Babbel, Language Transfer, TurkishClass101, Pimsleur, Italki, Hands on Turkish. 2nd Tier. Memrise, Duolingo, Turkish Tea Time, Turkish Language Class, Mango Languages, Glossika. 3rd Tier. ٢١‏/٠٣‏/٢٠٢٣ ... Although this issue has been extensively studied in foreign languages; However, it is still scarce with regard to the Arabic language, and this ...Common Latin terms: Turkish language was and still is in contact with the Balkan Sprachbund which includes Albanian, Romanian, Bulgarian and Macedinian and shares many features, including vocabulary, part of which is of Latin origin. Many Turkish and Greek words entered this linguistic area, but some went in the other direction too.6. Babbel Turkish. Cost: Subscriptions start at $12.95/month. Summary: One of the best and most well-known online Turkish courses, Babbel, is a great tool for learning the language and very budget friendly. Babbel's online Turkish course platform focuses on writing and reading, listening and spelling.Yunus Emre Institute organizes online Turkish language courses to address the increasing demand for learning Turkish. Thanks to the online courses, the Institute's formal training programs in many countries can be maintained, and at the same time, thousands of people can be reached in the countries without such Turkish language courses. In addition, the …In linguistics, evidentiality is, broadly, the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and if so, what kind. An evidential (also verificational or validational) is the particular grammatical element (affix, clitic, or particle) that indicates evidentiality.Languages with only a single evidential …The modern Turkish language owes a lot to an Armenian. The transition from Ottoman Empire to Turkish Republic was one that took place not just in the context of war and bloodshed in Anatolia and Asia Minor, but also a revolution in every sense of the word - political and social, yes, and also cultural and economic, driven by the extreme modernising and progressive vision of Mustafa Kemal. ….

Greek (Modern Greek: Ελληνικά, romanized: Elliniká, pronounced; Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνική, romanized: Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern …You have to see this coastline to believe it. It's a place where ancient gods once walked, and one where it feels like they may still walk today. Join our newsletter for exclusive features, tips, giveaways! Follow us on social media. We use...Here are some tips for learning Turkish by yourself: Use the best learning resources: The first thing you need to do is to compile effective learning resources. Language learning apps, like Ling, can help you understand and master the basics of the Turkish language. Once you understand the basics, learning the language will be much easier.Turkish is the longest documented and most complex of the Turkic languages, and the one with the most speakers (more than 80 million). It is the national language of the Republic of Turkey, a key player in the complex politics of the Middle East, and one of the largest and most dynamic economies of the area, as a major trading partner of the European Union on one side and the countries of the ...A speaker of the Kyrgyz language in traditional dress, recorded on the Chunkurchak pasture on the outskirts of Bishkek during an interview Azim, a speaker of the Kyrgyz language, recorded in Taiwan. Kyrgyz is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia.Kyrgyz is the official language of Kyrgyzstan and a significant minority …Nov 6, 2017 · This is your ultimate compilation to get started with Turkish in 25 Minutes! Don’t forget to create your free account here https://goo.gl/eWBYb3 to access pe... The Turkish language is a part of the Altaic language family and comprises three groups that include Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic. Across the vast territories that span from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, over 30 different languages are spoken. With time, the Turkish language was influenced by other ...Turkish grammar ( Turkish: Türkçe dil bilgisi ), as described in this article, is the grammar of standard Turkish as spoken and written by educated people in the Republic of Turkey . Turkish is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. Turkic languages. Turkic languages - Literary, Altaic, Uralic: Turkic literary languages have emerged in different cultural centres. The older ones can be broadly determined as Uyghur, Oghuz, and Kipchak or as mixtures of elements from these branches. Beginning in the 15th century, more distinct literary languages developed, in part as points ... The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia , and West Asia. The Turkic languages originated in a region of East Asia spanning from Mongolia to Northwest China, where Proto-Turkic is thought to have been spoken, from where they expanded to ... Turkish languages, Kazakh is a member of the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language family. It is spoken mainly in Kazakhstan, China and Uzbekistan and also in Iran, Mongolia, Turkey and other countries. In 2009 there were about 12.8 million speakers of Kazakh: about 10 million in Kazakhstan, 1.25 million in China, almost 1 million in Uzbekistan, and about 100,000 ..., Azerbaijani ( / ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒæni, - ɑːni / AZ-ər-by-JAN-ee) or Azeri ( / æˈzɛəri, ɑː -, ə -/ az-AIR-ee, ah-, ə- ), also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch spoken primarily by the Azerbaijani people, who live mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan where the North Azerbaijani ..., When it comes to game development, choosing the right programming language can make all the difference. One of the most popular languages for game development is Python, known for its simplicity and versatility., Uzbek [c] (pronounced [ozˈbekt͡ʃæ; ozˈbek tɨˈlɨ] ), formerly known as Turki, is a Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks. It is the official, and national language of Uzbekistan. Uzbek is spoken as either native or second language by 44 million people around the world (L1+L2), making it the second-most widely spoken Turkic language after Turkish., In the past few years, the governments of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have both made a rather bold commitment: They will soon use the Latin alphabet to write their respective Turkic languages. They will refrain from Cyrillic, a writing system originally developed to help convert the semi-literate Slavic cultures of the Middle Ages to Christianity; it has been in official use throughout the ..., All Turkic languages show close similarities to each other in phonology, morphology, and syntax, though Chuvash, and Yakut differ considerably from the rest. The Turkic branch of the Altaic family is the largest of the three branches in terms of the number of languages and the number of speakers. It is commonly divided into the five groups based on their …, Languages from three different Turkic language groups were spoken in Cen­tral Asia before the Russian conquest. Chaghatay is the common designation for a language belonging to the Western Uighur, or Eastern Turkic, language group, the easternmost of the three. The other two groups were the Oghuz (including Turkman, …, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz tili / Кыргыз тили / قىرعىز تىلى) Kyrgyz is a member of the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language family. It is spoken by about 5.1 million people, mainly in Kyrgyzstan, and also in Uzbekistan, China, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and a number of other countires., A vast Transeurasian language family that contains the Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Turkish and Tungusic languages has had its origins traced back 9000 years, to early farming communities in what ..., ٢٧‏/٠٢‏/٢٠٢٣ ... Turkish is a member of the Turkic language family and is spoken by over 350 million people worldwide. It is the official language of Turkey., Turkish. tr-tr. Türkçe. Full. The pack includes: Display in selected language. Help in selected language. Proofing tools for selected language. Download (32-bit) Download (64-bit) Language. Culture (ll-cc) Native name. Extent of localization. Description. Links. ... Under Office authoring languages and proofing, make sure the language you want to …, Türkçe is spoken by 75 million people as their first or second language. It is also a widely spoken language in parts of Cyprus, the Balkans, and in Europe, adding another 15 …, Turkish is the ONLY Middle Eastern language that uses the Latin script. It's a very regular and predictable language with no grammatical gender, articles, or ..., ١٨‏/٠٣‏/٢٠٢٣ ... The Turkic language family includes a total of 40 languages, including Turkish, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Turkmen, and Kazakh,. Turkmen, and Kazakh., Yurt. A traditional Kyrgyz yurt. A Qaraqalpaq bentwood type "yourte" in Khwarezm (or Karakalpakstan), Uzbekistan. Turkmen woman at the entrance to a yurt in Turkestan; 1913 picture by Prokudin-Gorskii. A yurt (from the Turkic languages) or ger ( Mongolian) is a portable, round tent covered and insulated with skins or felt and traditionally used ..., The Turkish Wikipedia (Turkish: Türkçe Vikipedi) is the Turkish language edition of Wikipedia, spelled Vikipedi.Started on 5 December 2002, as of 11 October 2023, this edition has 533,665 articles and is the 27th largest Wikipedia edition, and ranks 16th in terms of depth among Wikipedias. , Old Turkic. Old Turkic is a period in the history of Turkic languages, and most often refers to the language of the Kök Türk Empire, and of the ancient Uyghurs. In this class, which has a prerequisite of one year of Turkish or other Turkic language, we will be reading the Orkhon Monuments from the 8th Century, with Latin alphabet ..., Languages is an international, multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal on interdisciplinary studies of languages published quarterly online by MDPI.The European Society for Transcultural and Interdisciplinary Dialogue (ESTIDIA) is affiliated with Languages and its members receive discounts on the article processing charges.. Open …, Oct 3, 2022 · The new name of Turkey was changed to Türkiye, the country’s real name in the Turkish language. So right now, the Turkish and English names are the same: Türkiye . The United Nations, upon the request of Turkey, changed the English name from “Turkey” to “Türkiye (pronounced as tur-key-yay)” in June 2022. , A Turkish name consists of an ad or an isim (given name; plural adlar and isimler) and a soyadı or soyisim (surname). Turkish names exist in a "full name" format. While there is only one soyadı (surname) in the full name there may be more than one ad (given name). Married women may carry both their maiden and husband's surnames. The soyadı is written as the last element of the full name ..., In only 3 minutes you will find out where you can place yourself on the CEFR: This Turkish proficiency test follows the guidelines of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (commonly abbreviated with CEFRL, CEFR or CEF). These recommendations of the Council of Europe will help you see on which level (A1 - C2) you should study ..., Map of the distribution of Common Turkic Languages across Eurasia. Common Turkic, or Shaz Turkic, is a taxon in some classifications of the Turkic languages that includes all …, Five languages have more than 50 million native speakers in Europe: Russian, French, Italian, German, and English. Russian is the most-spoken native language in Europe, and English has the largest number of speakers in total, including some 200 million speakers of English as a second or foreign language. (See English language in Europe .), Turkish Language Program. Turkish is the official language of the Turkish Republic. It is a Southwestern Turkic (Oghuz Turkic) language, one of 30+ Turkic languages, and is spoken by 85 Million people in and near Turkey. Turkish, and its ancestor languages, possess a written history approaching two millennia, using perhaps a dozen alphabets ..., Turkish is also the most spoken of all Turkic languages, a group of 35 closely related languages spoken by Turkic people. Around 40% of Turkic speakers speak the Turkish language, and those that cannot are still able to understand many Turkish words due to an overarching vocabulary. However, the same cannot be said for reading and writing ..., Take free Turkish lessons online with Mondly by Pearson. Introducing Mondly, the language app that simulates total language immersion, loved by over 100 million people worldwide. We’ve worked with language specialists to make learning Turkish easy and fun by creating engaging bite-sized Turkish lessons. Start learning Turkish with just 5 ..., Learn Turkish Online. Turkish Language Learning Blogs – My Turkish language learning blog covers topics like the Turkish alphabet, suffixes, and verb conjugation in more …, Languages of Turkey. The languages of Turkey, apart from the official language Turkish, include the widespread Kurdish ( Kurmanji) and Arabic, and a number of less common …, Azeri and Turkish belong to Turkic Languages, which have different dialects spoken by 108 million people. Just a fun fact about the Turkish Language, the Turkish language is grammatically closer to Hungarian, Finnish, Mongol, Korean, and Japanese Languages. The Istanbul Dialect of the Turkish Language is the official language of Turkey., This Turkish language course online with a certificate requires you to practice speaking for 10 minutes daily after enrolling. English speakers can build a strong knowledge of Turkish with Bussu’s app. Also, no app helps you track your progress and reports to you. Rating: 4.5/5., Languages of Turkey. The languages of Turkey, apart from the official language Turkish, include the widespread Kurdish ( Kurmanji) and Arabic, and a number of less common minority languages. Four minority languages are officially recognized in the Republic of Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the Turkey-Bulgaria Friendship Treaty ... , Turkish is spoken as a national language in: Turkey. You will also get to know the continents where Arabic and Turkish speaking countries lie. Based on the number of people that speak these languages, the position of Arabic language is 25 and position of Turkish language is 19. Find all the information about these languages on Arabic and Turkish., Language policy and planning of Iran. The current language policy of Iran is addressed in Chapter Two of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Articles 15 & 16). It asserts that the Persian language is the lingua franca of the Iranian nation and as such, required for the school system and for all official government communications. In addition, the …