Paleozoic era events

Ordovician Period, in geologic time, the second period of the Paleozoic Era. It began 485.4 million years ago and ended 443.8 million years ago. The interval was a time of intense diversification (an increase in the number of species) of marine animal life in what became known as the Ordovician radiation.

Paleozoic era events. Permian Period, in geologic time, the last period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from 298.9 million to 252.2 million years ago. The climate was warming throughout Permian times, and, by the end of the …

Life Forms During Precambrian and Paleozoic Eras Precambrian Era During this period, single-cell and multicellular organisms started to emerge. The first multicellular animals, also known as Ediacarans, appeared in the fossil record that …

The Cambrian period, part of the Paleozoic era, produced the most intense burst of evolution ever known. ... Attend a Live Event · Book a Trip · Buy Maps ...The cataclysm was the single worst event life on Earth has ever experienced. Over about 60,000 years, 96 percent of all marine species and about three of every four species on land died out. The ...Geologic time scale with chronological evolution timeline flat tiny persons concept. Labeled educational paleozoic, mesozoic and cenozoic history scheme vector ...The bluffs along the St. Croix, Minnesota, and Mississippi rivers, and their tributaries, are composed of layers of Paleozoic-aged rock such as the St. Peter Sandstone and the Prairie du Chien Group. Paleozoic rocks lie beneath glacial deposits across much of southeast Minnesota, from as far north as Taylors Falls, southwest to Mankato.The Mesozoic Era was the third of the three eras of evolution. These eras are periods of years in history that highlight evolutionary breakthroughs and events. The Mesozoic Era came after the Paleozoic Era, the ancient life era. It follows an eruption of life on earth which has evolved into what we have today.The Paleozoic era spanned roughly (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest, they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and at the end of a global ice age. Throughout the early ...

The Paleozoic Era is literally the era of "old life.". It lasted from 544 to 245 million years ago and is divided into six periods. Major events in each period of the Paleozoic Era are described in Figure below. The era began with a spectacular burst of new life. This is called the Cambrian explosion.The Paleozoic Era (544–245 million years ago) started with an explosion of new kinds of organisms. Major evolutionary events during this era included the first appearance of invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and reptiles.Figure 26.1 B. 1: Gymnosperms of the taiga: This boreal forest (taiga) has low-lying plants and conifer trees, as these plants are better suited to the colder, dryer conditions. Fossil records indicate the first gymnosperms (progymnosperms) most likely originated in the Paleozoic era, during the middle Devonian period about 390 million years ago.Paleozoic Era. The Paleozoic era spanned around 300 million years, w hich was almost half of the entire Phanerozoic. During this time, there were six major contin ental landmasses. Each consisted of different parts of the modern continents. Large blocks of limestone rock outcrops were caused by periodic incursions of continental seas.Timeline of the MonsterVerse as we know it. Events with these buttons indicate that they happen on-screen: • • • • • • • • • • • • 4,5 bya The pantheon form the planet Earth. Planet X is formed. 541 mya: START OF THE PALEOZOIC ERA Cambrian explosion. 485 mya End of the Cambrian period. Start of the Ordovician period. 476 mya Scylla is born. 443 mya …Eons are divided into eras, which are further divided into periods, epochs, and ages. Geologic dating is extremely imprecise. For example, although the date listed for the beginning of the Ordovician period is 485 million years ago, it is actually 485.4 with an uncertainty (plus or minus) of 1.9 million years.

Major Geological and Climate Events. During the late Paleozoic Era, all of Earth's continents were connected in one giant landmass known as Pangaea. However, by the time of the Cenozoic Era, the ... Paleozoic Era. The Paleozoic era begins with the Cambrian radiation, a time of great growth in the number of different kinds of animals in the oceans. It ends with the greatest extinction in the history of life. Other major extinction events occurred at the end of the Ordovician Period and near the end of the Devonian Period. The Paleozoic Era ...Ouachita orogeny – Mountain-building event that resulted in the Ouachita Mountains Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma is an orogenic belt that dates from the late Paleozoic Era and is most likely a continuation of the Appalachian orogeny west across the Mississippi embayment – Reelfoot Rift zone.The Paleozoic Era on the geological time scale is also known as the Primary Era or simply as the Paleozoic. It is the first era of the Phanerozoic Eon (which begins 541 million years ago and ends in our present days), which is followed by the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. It is also known as the “Age of Invertebrates”.2. Pokłady soli kamiennej. Z okresu ery paleozoicznej pochodzą znajdujące się na terenach dzisiejszej Polski pokłady soli kamiennej. Znajdują się one m. in. w …

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Europe - Geology, Tectonics, Plate Boundaries: The geologic record of the continent of Europe is a classic example of how a continent has grown through time. The Precambrian rocks in Europe range in age from about 3.8 billion to 541 million years. They are succeeded by rocks of the Paleozoic Era, which continued to about 252 million years ago; of the Mesozoic Era, which lasted until about 66 ... Ordovician Period, Interval of geologic time, 485.4–443.4 million years ago, the second oldest period of the Paleozoic Era.It follows the Cambrian and precedes the Silurian Period.During the Ordovician, many of the landmasses were aligned in the tropics. Life was dominated by marine invertebrates, but some forms of land plants may have appeared …The Paleozoic era is divided into six periods. From oldest to youngest, these are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. Note that in the United States, the Carboniferous is divided into two separate periods: the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian. Luckily for them, the Earth has faced some pretty “world-changing” events, both good–the evolution of new life forms–and bad–mass extinctions. So, when deciding how to end the 3.5 billion year-long Precambrian, the scientists decided to start a new era, the Paleozoic, at the Cambrian Explosion.It is known as Paleozoic era, Primary era or simply Paleozoic, to a period of the geologic timescale, that is, the scale with which the history of the world is measured, inscribed together with the Mesozoic and Cenozoic in the Phanerozoic Aeon (from 542 million years ago to the present). The term Paleozoic means “old life” (from the Greek ...

13.Paleozoic Era • Much of the limestone quarried for building and industrial purposes, as well as the coal deposits of western Europe and the eastern United States, were formed during the Paleozoic. • The Cambrian (beginning) opened with the breakup of the world-continent Rodinia and closed with the formation of Pangaea, as the Earth's …Cambrian Time Span. Date range: 541 million years ago to 485.4 million years ago. Length: 55.6 million years (1.2% of geologic time) Geologic calendar: November 19–November 23 (Noon) (4 days, 12 hours) Cambrian age fossil burrow, Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway. NPS image.The Paleozoic Era is literally the era of “old life.”. It lasted from 544 to 245 million years ago and is divided into six periods. Major events in each period of the Paleozoic Era are described in Figure below. The era began with a spectacular burst of new life. This is called the Cambrian explosion.The Cambrian Period marks an important point in the history of life on Earth; it is the time when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record. This event is sometimes called the "Cambrian Explosion," because of the relatively short time over which this diversity of forms appears. It was once thought that Cambrian rocks ...Mississippian age fossil crinoid, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. NPS image. Introduction. Geologists in North America use the terms “Mississippian” and “Pennsylvanian” to describe the time period between 358.9 and 298.9 million years ago. In other parts of the world, geologists use a single term and combine these two periods into …In the Paleozoic Era, lush rainforests flourished on land. But due to an abrupt shift in global warming, a major marine and terrestrial extinction event began. This event was the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse. Plants and swamps were buried, compacted, and cooked into underground coal deposits. It left behind vast deserts for …Cambrian Period, earliest time division of the Paleozoic Era and Phanerozoic Eon, lasting from 538.8 million to 485.4 million years ago. The Cambrian System, named by English geologist Adam Sedgwick for slaty rocks in southern Wales and southwestern England, contains the earliest record of abundant and varied life-forms.Paleozoic Era. The Silurian Period. The Silurian (443.7 to 416.0 million years ago)* was a time when the Earth underwent considerable changes that had important repercussions for the environment and life within it. One result of these changes was the melting of large glacial formations. This contributed to a substantial rise in the levels of ... Paleozoic Era, or Palaeozoic Era, Major interval of geologic time, c. 542-251 million years ago. From the Greek for "ancient life," it is the first era of the Phanerozoic Eon and is followed by the Mesozoic Era.It is divided into six periods: (from oldest to youngest) the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. ...

For the purposes of geology, the “calendar” is the geologic time scale. One way to distinguish and define each segment of time is by the occurrence of major geologic events and the appearance (and disappearance) of significant life-forms, starting with the formation of Earth’s crust followed by the appearance of ever-changing forms of ...

Permian Period, in geologic time, the last period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from 298.9 million to 252.2 million years ago. The climate was warming throughout Permian times, and, by the end of the …The Cambrian Period (/ ˈ k æ m b r i. ə n, ˈ k eɪ m-/ KAM-bree-ən, KAYM-; sometimes symbolized Ꞓ) is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 53.4 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran Period 538.8 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Ordovician Period 485.4 …Even in the era of the virtual event, it tends to take me a few days to recover from the whirlwind of CES. Frontloading the year’s big hardware news is a bit less than ideal, but perhaps the changing nature of the big tech event will bring ...Ouachita orogeny – Mountain-building event that resulted in the Ouachita Mountains Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma is an orogenic belt that dates from the late Paleozoic Era and is most likely a continuation of the Appalachian orogeny west across the Mississippi embayment – Reelfoot Rift zone. The Paleozoic Era is aptly named “ancient life” in Greek because most of the incredible plants and animals that existed then do not exist now. Learn more. Here is a list of the most prominent animals that lived and thrived during this era. ... The Mesozoic Era: Major Events, Animals, and Plants ...The Paleozoic Era. 543 to 248 Million Years Ago. The Paleozoic is bracketed by two of the most important events in the history of animal life. At its beginning, multicelled animals underwent a dramatic "explosion" in diversity, and almost all living animal phyla appeared within a few millions of years. At the other end of the Paleozoic, the largest mass extinction in history wiped out ...In this introductory review paper, we (1) undertake an up-to-date review of research on Late Paleozoic global events, examining the patterns, processes, causes, and consequences of major developments in tectonics, geography, oceanography, climate, and the biosphere, and (2) put the contributions of this special issue into the context of contemporaneous events, examining how each study makes an ...The Paleozoic era ended with an event known as the Permian Extinction, which is the largest extinction event in Earth's history. After the Permian Extinction, only about 10% of life on Earth remained. It is known as Paleozoic era, Primary era or simply Paleozoic, to a period of the geologic timescale, that is, the scale with which the history of the world is measured, inscribed together with the Mesozoic and Cenozoic in the Phanerozoic Aeon (from 542 million years ago to the present). The term Paleozoic means “old life” (from the Greek ...

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Ouachita orogeny – Mountain-building event that resulted in the Ouachita Mountains Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma is an orogenic belt that dates from the late Paleozoic Era and is most likely a continuation of the Appalachian orogeny west across the Mississippi embayment – Reelfoot Rift zone. The Devonian Period ended with one of the five great mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic Era. However, unlike the four other great extinction events, the Devonian extinction appears to have been a prolonged crisis composed of multiple events over the last 20 million years of the Period. About 20% of all animal families and three-quarters of …Apr 10, 2022 · The Mesozoic era is an era of time between the Paleozoic and Cenozoic eras. The Cenozoic is the current era humans live in. The Mesozoic era is divided into three periods - the Triassic, Jurassic ... This is the branch of earth sciences that deals with the concept of geological time and dating the sequence of events throughout the Earth’s history. Intervals of geological time are given formal names and grouped into a hierarchy according to their length (in decreasing time intervals): eon; era; period; epoch; age; chronMesozoic Era, second of Earth’s three major geologic eras of Phanerozoic time. Its name is derived from the Greek term for “middle life.” The Mesozoic Era began 252.2 million years ago, following the conclusion of the Paleozoic Era, and ended 66 million years ago, at the dawn of the Cenozoic Era.Paleozoic events in the Altaids The Altaids constitute a large and complex tectonic collage that accreted around the Angaran platform from late in the Proterozoic to early in the Mesozoic Era . Its oldest part, the Baikalides, formed between about 850 and 570 million years ago along the southern periphery of the Angaran platform.13.Paleozoic Era • Much of the limestone quarried for building and industrial purposes, as well as the coal deposits of western Europe and the eastern United States, were formed during the Paleozoic. • The Cambrian (beginning) opened with the breakup of the world-continent Rodinia and closed with the formation of Pangaea, as the Earth's …Startups: Develop Innovative Product with Minimum Viable Thinking. Konsultasi Google Ads. Show all events. Jakarta Expat Networking Free Flow Event at Blu Martini, JW Marriott Hotel Jakarta. ASEAN Youth Conference 2023. Garment Legging Anak Perempuan Usia 0 Tahun Callysta Kedaung Kali Angke. PERRY K.The Paleozoic ("old life") era was the first and longest era of the Phanerozoic eon, lasting from 538.8 to 251.9 Ma. During the Paleozoic, many modern groups of life came into existence. Life colonized the land, first plants, then animals. Two major extinctions occurred.The Paleozoic Era started 542 million years ago with the emergence of complex life forms and ended 251 million years ago with the largest mass extinction the world has ever experienced. It is the... Cambrian Time Span. Date range: 541 million years ago to 485.4 million years ago. Length: 55.6 million years (1.2% of geologic time) Geologic calendar: November 19–November 23 (Noon) (4 days, 12 hours) Cambrian age fossil burrow, Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway. NPS image.The bluffs along the St. Croix, Minnesota, and Mississippi rivers, and their tributaries, are composed of layers of Paleozoic-aged rock such as the St. Peter Sandstone and the Prairie du Chien Group. Paleozoic rocks lie beneath glacial deposits across much of southeast Minnesota, from as far north as Taylors Falls, southwest to Mankato. ….

The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon, spanning from roughly 541 to 252.2 million years ago (ICS, 2004). It is the longest of the Phanerozoic eras, and is subdivided into six geologic periods (from oldest to least old): the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and ...Paleozoic EraPaleozoic era was 544 to 245 million years agoPaleozoic means “ ancient life” and is part of the phanerozoic eon along with the cenozoic, and me...Paleozoic Era, also spelled Palaeozoic, major interval of geologic time that began 538.8 million years ago with the Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary diversification of … See moreThe Mesozoic Era was the third of the three eras of evolution. These eras are periods of years in history that highlight evolutionary breakthroughs and events. The Mesozoic Era came after the Paleozoic Era, the ancient life era. It follows an eruption of life on earth which has evolved into what we have today.The Cambrian* Period begins the Phanerozoic Eon, the last 542 million years during which fossils with hard parts have existed. It is the first division of the Paleozoic Era (542Ma -251Ma). Marine animals with mineralized skeletons make their first appearance in the shallow seas of the Cambrian, though only "small shelly fossils" (tiny …Mesozoic. Mesozoic (252-66 million years ago) means 'middle life' and this is the time of the dinosaurs. This era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods, names that may be familiar to you. It ended with a massive meteorite impact that caused a mass extinction, wiping out the dinosaurs and up to 80% of life on Earth.Significant Permian events. During the Permian Period, Earth’s crustal plates formed a single, massive continent called Pangaea. In the correspondingly large ocean, Panthalassa, marine organisms such as brachiopods, gastropods, cephalopods (nautiloids and ammonoids), and crinoids were present. On land, reptiles replaced …The Paleozoic era is marked by an unprecedented boom of invertebrates and a ... of such events in the Paleozoic. At the end of the Cambrian, trilobites suffered ... Paleozoic era events, The Paleozoic Era is one of the most important periods in Earth's history. It is the longest era of the Phanerozoic Eon, lasting close to 200 million years. The era was characterized by major events and changes in the planet's geology, climate, and life forms., Phanerozoic Eon, the span of geologic time extending about 541 million years from the end of the Proterozoic Eon (which began about 2.5 billion years ago) to the present. The Phanerozoic, the eon of visible life, is divided into three major spans of time largely on the basis of characteristic assemblages of life-forms: the Paleozoic (541 …, 543 to 248 Million Years Ago. The Paleozoic is bracketed by two of the most important events in the history of animal life. At its beginning, multicelled animals underwent a dramatic "explosion" in diversity, and …, Three tests based on fossil data indicate that high rates of extinction recorded in the penultimate (Guadalupian) stage of the Paleozoic era are not ..., Paleozoic events in the Altaids The Altaids constitute a large and complex tectonic collage that accreted around the Angaran platform from late in the Proterozoic to early in the Mesozoic Era . Its oldest part, the Baikalides, formed between about 850 and 570 million years ago along the southern periphery of the Angaran platform. , It's easy to get distracted by the abundance and diversity of life that appears and flourishes during the Paleozoic. But life and evolution are influenced by the geologic processes that are always shaping the earth's environments. The Paleozoic saw periods of intense mountain building, extensive glaciations, widespread shallow seas, and the ..., Paleozoic Era. The Paleozoic era spanned ... The Ordovician period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma. During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes ..., The Paleozoic Era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous periods, each with characteristic groups of fossils. The Cambrian Period saw the explosion of new kinds of invertebrate animals in the oceans, including trilobites (Figure 2), primitive kinds of shellfish, including brachiopods and molluscs, and other groups of invertebrates that failed to survive ..., Sea levels have been determined for most of the Paleozoic Era (542 to 251 million years ago), but an integrated history of sea levels has remained unrealized. We reconstructed a history of sea-level fluctuations for the entire Paleozoic by using stratigraphic sections from pericratonic and cratonic basins. Evaluation of the timing and …, Phanerozoic Eon, the span of geologic time extending about 541 million years from the end of the Proterozoic Eon (which began about 2.5 billion years ago) to the present. The Phanerozoic, the eon of visible life, is divided into three major spans of time largely on the basis of characteristic assemblages of life-forms: the Paleozoic (541 …, The Paleozoic Era of the Phanerozoic Eon: 542 to 251 million years ago. The Paleozoic (also spelt "Palaeozoic") era lasted from about 540 to 250 million years ago, and is divided into six periods The 320-odd million years of the Paleozoic era saw many important events, including the development of most invertebrate groups, life's conquest of ..., The end of the Paleozoic era is marked by the largest mass extinction in earth history. The Paleozoic era had two smaller mass extinctions, but these were not as large as the Permian Mass Extinction, also known as the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. It is estimated that up to 96% of marine species and 70% of land-dwelling (terrestrial ..., Early kingdoms (4th century AD) The coastal area and port of Jakarta in northern West Java has been the location of human settlement since the 4th century BCE Buni culture.The earliest historical record discovered in Jakarta is the Tugu inscription, which was discovered in Tugu sub-district, North Jakarta.It is among the oldest inscriptions in Indonesian history., The Paleozoic era's Silurian period saw animals and plants finally emerge on land. But first there was a period of biological regrouping following the disastrous climax to the Ordovician. The ... , The Paleozoic Era is divided into six periods which are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian., Trilobites are a group of extinct marine arthropods that first appeared around 521 million years ago, shortly after the beginning of the Cambrian period, living through the majority of the Palaeozoic Era, for nearly 300 million years. They died out at the end of the Permian, 251 million years ago, killed by the end Permian mass extinction event ..., Paleozoic Era, also spelled Palaeozoic, major interval of geologic time that began 541 million years ago with the Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary diversification of marine animals, and ended about 252 million years ago with the end-Permian extinction, the greatest extinction event in Earth history., 23-Mar-2020 ... The Paleozoic saw periods of intense mountain building, extensive glaciations, widespread shallow seas, and the continued buildup of material ..., Cambrian Case Index Geologic Time Scale. The Cambrian* Period begins the Phanerozoic Eon, the last 542 million years during which fossils with hard parts have existed. It is the first division of the Paleozoic Era (542Ma -251Ma). Marine animals with mineralized skeletons make their first appearance in the shallow seas of the Cambrian, though ..., The period, and the Paleozoic era, came to a calamitous close 251 million years ago, marking a biological dividing line that few animals crossed. ... The Permian extinction—the worst extinction ..., The period, and the Paleozoic era, came to a calamitous close 251 million years ago, marking a biological dividing line that few animals crossed. ... The Permian extinction—the worst extinction ..., Ordovician Period, Interval of geologic time, 485.4–443.4 million years ago, the second oldest period of the Paleozoic Era.It follows the Cambrian and precedes the Silurian Period.During the Ordovician, many of the landmasses were aligned in the tropics. Life was dominated by marine invertebrates, but some forms of land plants may have appeared …, Startups: Develop Innovative Product with Minimum Viable Thinking. Konsultasi Google Ads. Show all events. Jakarta Expat Networking Free Flow Event at Blu Martini, JW Marriott Hotel Jakarta. ASEAN Youth Conference 2023. Garment Legging Anak Perempuan Usia 0 Tahun Callysta Kedaung Kali Angke. PERRY K., The Carboniferous Period is famous for its vast swamp forests, such as the one depicted here. Such swamps produced the coal from which the term Carboniferous, or "carbon-bearing," is derived. The Carboniferous Period lasted from about 359.2 to 299 million years ago* during the late Paleozoic Era. The term "Carboniferous" comes from England, in ... , The Paleozoic era is marked by an unprecedented boom of invertebrates and a ... of such events in the Paleozoic. At the end of the Cambrian, trilobites suffered ..., The Neoproterozoic is the terminal era of the Proterozoic eon (or informally, the Precambrian) extending from about 1,000 million years ago (mya) at the end of the Mesoproterozoic to 542 mya at the beginning of the Cambrian of the Paleozoic era. It is one of three major divisions (eras) of the Proterozoic in the geologic time scale . , The Paleozoic Era is literally the era of “old life.”. It lasted from 544 to 245 million years ago and is divided into six periods. Major events in each period of the Paleozoic Era are described in Figure below. The era began with a spectacular burst of new life. This is called the Cambrian explosion., When did dinosaurs become extinct? Dinosaurs went extinct about 65 million years ago (at the end of the Cretaceous Period), after living on Earth for about 165 million years. If all of Earth time from the very beginning of the dinosaurs to today were compressed into 365 days (one calendar year), the dinosaurs appeared January 1 and became ..., Sep 27, 2023 · Updated on September 27, 2023. “The Paleozoic Era (540 to 252 million years ago) was a revolutionary time for new life on Earth. But it had its ups and downs.”. Some of the key highlights from the Paleozoic Era include: CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION: Bony fish diversified during the Cambrian explosion. Just to end in the largest extinction in Earth ... , During the Paleozoic Era, which lasted 289 million years, plants and reptiles began moving from the sea to the land. The era has been divided into six periods: Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian. Several times during this era, seas appeared and disappeared in Kansas., A recent study by Edwards et al. 55, has used this equation to estimate atmospheric oxygen concentrations in the early Paleozoic from the δ 13 C record in organic C and carbonates, using values ..., The Cambrian Period (/ ˈ k æ m b r i. ə n, ˈ k eɪ m-/ KAM-bree-ən, KAYM-; sometimes symbolized Ꞓ) is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 53.4 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran Period 538.8 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Ordovician Period 485.4 …, The Cambrian period, part of the Paleozoic era, produced the most intense burst of evolution ever known. The Cambrian Explosion saw an incredible diversity of life emerge, including many major ...