Difference between pex a and pex b

Conclusion: The carbon-carbon bonds of PEX-A are only slightly higher in strength than that of the carbon-silane bonds of PEX-B (as stated earlier, both types are over 2.5 times stronger than copper-copper bonds). This means both types of pipe will hold up considerably longer over time than copper pipe.

Difference between pex a and pex b. Jan 28, 2024 · PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) tubing has become increasingly popular in recent years for use in residential and commercial plumbing applications. There are a few different types of PEX tubing on the market, with the two most common being A PEX and B PEX. Both offer advantages, but there are some key differences between the two that…

Conclusion: The carbon-carbon bonds of PEX-A are only slightly higher in strength than that of the carbon-silane bonds of PEX-B (as stated earlier, both types are over 2.5 times stronger than copper-copper bonds). This means both types of pipe will hold up considerably longer over time than copper pipe.

Sep 8, 2023 · Difference between PEX A and PEX B PEX A is produced by the peroxide method while PEX B is produced by the silane method. Additionally, PEX A joining uses expansion-style fittings while PEX B uses insert-style fittings. Fittings are inserted by use of an expansion tool while PEX B fittings are inserted manually but pushed into the pipe. Crimp fittings can be used for Pex(A, B, C) Pipes, not for Pex-Al-Pex pipes. The crimp fittings is composed of crimp fitting, (red) Copper Crimp rings or Stainless Steel clamp. The installation of crimp fittings requires special crimp fittings tools. Key Points: For Pex Pipes, Pex Crimp Tool. Check Our Products: Crimp Fittings. Sliding Sleeve ... When using PEX B what I like to do is oversize my water line... Today we're going to take a look at the difference between PEX A and PEX B Plumbing water lines. Both the general Bow PEX andsuper PEX works similarly. Bow PEX is the right choice for indoor piping water lines or other lines. If you need a durable and flexible tubing system, then super PEX is the best choice. On the battle of Bow PEX vs Super PEX, super PEX wins for its extra durability and high quality.PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) pipe is a type of flexible plastic tubing used in plumbing systems for the transport of water. It was developed in Europe in 1968 and later introduced to the United States in the mid-’80s. PEX pipes have gained widespread popularity in residential plumbing for the past few decades …hePEX has a better lifespan than AquaPEX due to its Oxygen Barrier properties. Cold and hot water will be less likely to affect the physical construction of hePEX. Hence, you will be less likely to see any development of rust or corrosion in hePEX pipes soon. Price. hePEX is a little bit pricier than AquaPEX.

PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) pipe is a type of flexible plastic tubing used in plumbing systems for the transport of water. It was developed in Europe in 1968 and later introduced to the United States in the mid-’80s. PEX pipes have gained widespread popularity in residential plumbing for the past few decades due to their flexibility, […] When using PEX B what I like to do is oversize my water line... Today we're going to take a look at the difference between PEX A and PEX B Plumbing water lines. Brass F1960 Expansion PEX Fittings. F1960 – the PEX pipe is expanded and uses a ring made out of PEX to complete the connection. The fittings are available in both lead free brass and poly (PPSU). This method is only recommended for use on PEX-a or PEX-c …Differences Between Pex-a And Pex-b. Pex-A and Pex-B fittings are not compatible due to differences in material composition, flexibility, and manufacturing processes. Pex-A fittings are made using a different method, resulting in improved flexibility and memory properties compared to Pex-B. Its material composition allows for higher …Get ratings and reviews for the top 11 foundation companies in New York City, NY. Helping you find the best foundation companies for the job. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home A...PB is Polybutylene. PE-x, Polyethylene cross linked. They both have an oxygen barrier, and are both suitable for central heating, I was just wondering if either one was better in you experience, or more flexible, as I can get the PB pipe about 25% cheaper than the PE-x. Rob. Robdiyman, May 9, 2006. #6.Medicine Matters Sharing successes, challenges and daily happenings in the Department of Medicine Nadia Hansel, MD, MPH, is the interim director of the Department of Medicine in th...

The main difference lies in the type of fittings used. PEX-A fittings are more versatile and can be used with both PEX-A and PEX-B pipes, while PEX-B requires specific insert-style fittings designed for crimping or clamping. It’s important to note that mixing different types of fittings may result in compatibility issues.The entire inside of the house uses PEX-A, as evidenced by expansion fittings. On the inside, the PEX is color coded: clear/white for cold water, red for hot water. The gentlemen who had originally installed the original water heater took a few shortcuts. Hot is on the right, cold is on the left, everything uses CSST, …India’s central bank has identified Big Tech's push into financial services as a challenge for banks in the South Asian market. India’s central bank has identified Big Tech’s push ...Jul 25, 2022 · In cold weather that can cause pipes to burst, PEX A is better for resisting pipe bursts since it’s a more malleable material, while PEX B is more rigid, which won’t be as effective. Despite PEX A and B’s similar makeup, what these two pipes can do is quite different. In essence, it seems PEX A is the best in comparison if you’re ... So watch the video Viega, a major manufacturer of PEX B has on cold expansion vs the PEX B, specifically the pureflow fittings. Example data from that video was the shower flow was only 0.2% less for PEX B vs pexA. ... That said, the functional difference between the system is immaterial to the end user.

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What Is PEX B? A silane process, or steam or moisture cross-linking, is used to form PEX B pipe once the HDPE is extruded. The product is passed through steam. Meanwhile, a silane catalyst triggers cross-linking. PEX B is the most common PEX pipe. It offers the following benefits: Uponor PEX-a pipe consistently tests to nearly double the burst pressure requirement for PEX pipes. PEX-b manufacturers claim their pipe offers higher burst pressures. However, the manufacturing process for PEX-b that results in higher burst pressures comes at a cost: PEX-b pipe is a stiffer product that experiences micro-cracking when expanded ...Jan 31, 2024 · What are the main differences between PEX-A and PEX-B tubing? PEX-A has a maximum temperature tolerance of 200°F, while PEX-B is only rated for 180°F. PEX-A also has better chemical resistance, especially to chlorine, enhanced durability from freezing resistance, and about 20% more flexibility than PEX-B. Does PEX pipe need to be insulated? PEX vs Aquapex: Key Differences. Now that we’ve reviewed what PEX and Aquapex are individually, let’s directly compare them on some key factors: Temperature Ratings. PEX pipes can withstand temperatures up to 180°F continuously, and up to 200°F for limited time periods. Aquapex is rated for 200°F …PEX pipe is manufactured using three different methods: PEX-a, PEX-b and PEX-c. The classification calls out the varying degrees of crosslinking in the pipe. ... However, it may be possible to downsize some hot-water pipe segments due to the difference between the design velocities of copper and PEX. Finally, a …

When it comes to plumbing systems, one crucial decision homeowners and contractors face is choosing the right type of piping. Two popular options in the market are PEX (cross-linke...The PEX plumbing systems are available in different kinds (PEX-a, PEX-b, or PEX-c). There are over 20 different PEX types in the market, but the two popular types come from the Uponor (Wirsbo, AquaPEX, and ProPEX) and Viega brands (PureFlow, ProPress, and ViegaPEX). The Uponor system uses the PEX-a tubing for plumbing needs which comes with ... What is the Difference Between a PEX-A and A-PEX-B Pipe for a Hydronic Radiant Floor? The hydronic floor heating system is a popular choice among owners and many opt for PEX pipes (or tubes). The latter are considered the ideal option due to their durability and their ability to circulate hot water under the floor efficiently, thereby helping ... That's the difference between PEX A and PEX B in a nutshell. PEX C. For DIY or general plumbing applications, PEX B & C might seem to have similar properties. However, each of these grades has very different properties. One of the differences between the two is the hardness. PEX C is slightly softer than PEX B. The slight …Prepared by PPI’s Building & Construction Division, PPI TN-31 Differences Between Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) and Polybutylene (PB) Piping Systems for …PEX A offers higher burst resistance, capable of withstanding up to 500 PSI in extreme cold, while PEX B, being more rigid, is less resilient.The differences between PEX A and PEX B can significantly impact the performance, longevity, and cost-effectiveness of your plumbing system. By understanding these differences, you’ll be better equipped to make an informed decision that aligns with your project requirements and priorities. PEX A is usually labeled as “PEX-A” or “CPSU” while PEX B is typically labeled as “PEX-B” or “PBK.” You can also examine the outside of the pipe for further identification. Both types of PEX have a smooth outer layer, but with closer inspection you will notice that PEX A has a dimpled texture and is slightly more flexible than ... The main difference lies in the type of fittings used. PEX-A fittings are more versatile and can be used with both PEX-A and PEX-B pipes, while PEX-B requires specific insert-style fittings designed for crimping or clamping. It’s important to note that mixing different types of fittings may result in compatibility issues. PEX-a is the highest flexibility PEX tubing and popular brands include Rehau, Uponor (formerly called Wirsbo) and VesiPex. Typically, PEX-a is used with cold expansion fittings (F1960) or Uponor / Wirsbo’s brand name Propex fittings. Other expansion fittings that can be used are F2080 or Rehau’s Everloc fitting. Two of the most common PEX connections are PEX crimp and PEX clamp. These connections use the same fittings, normally referred to as “crimp” or “barbed” PEX...

The reason behind this recommendation lies in the inherent differences between PEX-A and PEX-B. PEX-A and PEX-B are two different types of cross-linked polyethylene tubing, with each having it’s own unique characteristics. PEX-A is known for it’s flexibility and high-temperature resistance, while PEX-B is …

A lower bending radius in PEX-A (6 times the OD vs. 8 times the OD for PEX-B & C) is helpful, but offers little practical advantage in most cases. PEX-B is a clear winner in terms of price vs. both other types. It has been in use for over 40 years with no known issues, given that a typical warranty for any type of PEX is only 20-25 years. What is the Difference Between a PEX-A and A-PEX-B Pipe for a Hydronic Radiant Floor? The hydronic floor heating system is a popular choice among owners and many opt for PEX pipes (or tubes). The latter are considered the ideal option due to their durability and their ability to circulate hot water under the floor efficiently, thereby helping ... Being stuck behind a slow-moving car on an open road can be very rankling. You want to pass, but on a two-lane road, you also don't want to crash into a truck in the opposite lane.... PEX, or cross-linked polyethylene, has become a popular choice for plumbing pipes due to its flexibility, durability, and cost-effectiveness. However, there are two types of PEX: A and B. In this blog post, we’ll explore the differences between PEX A and B and help you decide which one is best for your plumbing needs. PEX A vs. PEX B The 5 different types of plastic piping materials for residential plumbing are: PEX. PE-RT. Polypropylene. Polybutylene. CPVC. Four of the materials—PEX, PE-RT, polypropylene and polybutylene—come from the polyolefin family of plastics and share some key similarities. CPVC stands alone as a part of the vinyl family of plastics and has a ...Read: Copper vs PEX Piping. Why Switch from Poly B™ to PEX Piping. We will discuss some exceptional qualities of the PEX A pipe, that makes it the perfect pipe for the replacement of Poly B™ piping. Exceptional Flexibility; The PEX A pipe is seen to be the best because of the ability to stand impacts and freezing. It’s flexibility also ...PEX pipe: China Fittings: China Crimping Tool: China Additional Notes: A common misconception amongst plumbers is that identical looking systems fit will fit together. This is a risky approach. Different systems that look the same often vary in dimension by as little as 0.1mm, and this can be the difference between a fitting being water tight ...

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Jan 28, 2024 · PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) tubing has become increasingly popular in recent years for use in residential and commercial plumbing applications. There are a few different types of PEX tubing on the market, with the two most common being A PEX and B PEX. Both offer advantages, but there are some key differences between the two that… Viega "PEX Crimp Hand Tool", Viega-41723-User-Guide.pdf Says: "The maximum out-of-roundness of a completed crimp shall not exceed .006". This is the difference between the minimum outside diameter of a properly crimped ring and the maximum outside diameter of the same properly crimped ring."When comparing the durability of PEX and copper pipes, PEX has a life expectancy of 30 to 50 years, while copper pipes typically last 50 to 70 years. Generally, people consider copper pipes to be the more durable option. However, it is important to note that exposing PEX to boiling water (180 degrees Fahrenheit or higher) or water with high ...Aug 15, 2018 ... Two of the most common PEX connections are PEX crimp and PEX clamp. These connections use the same fittings, normally referred to as “crimp” ...than cold-formed PEX-b. As a result, PEX-a is easier to handle and install, especially in small spaces. Kinks — no big deal with PEX-a: Kinking of PEX tubing on the job site is an everyday mishap, but it’s a non-issue for PEX-a. Our hot crosslinking method makes PEX-a more difficult to kink than PEX-b or even PEX-c. PEX-a also has thermal ... When using PEX B what I like to do is oversize my water line... Today we're going to take a look at the difference between PEX A and PEX B Plumbing water lines. Temperature Resistance. While both PEX and PERT pipes can handle cold and hot water, PERT pipes can withstand higher temperatures than PEX pipes. PERT pipes can handle temperatures of up to 200°F (93°C), while PEX pipes can only handle temperatures of up to 140°F (60°C) for PEX-A and up to 180°F …Are you confused about choosing between PEX A vs PEX B vs PEX C fittings? PEX A fittings are made with Engel or Peroxide manufacturing method; PEX B fittings have Moisture Cure or Silane method, and PEX A fittings have PEX C fittings are made with Cold cross-linking process. Compared to PEX B and PEX C fittings, PEX A … Find out how PEX-A, -B and -C are similar and how they compare when it comes to their application uses, popularity and individual advantages.The three types of PEX all share a fundamental similarity, but they aren't exactly the same. Discover the differences among PEX-A, -B and -C, including which applications each one works best in, how widely used they are and what their unique advantages are. Feb 18, 2023 · PEX-A pipes are the most expensive of all PEX pipes, while PEX-B is the cheapest. When choosing PEX pipes for your plumbing project, you should consider each type’s properties and whether they suit your needs. Most PEX fittings are not universal since different pipes have different properties. In the case of the PEX pipes, the price will vary with the pipe grade A, B or C. You can buy grades A and B by spending around $0.3-$2.5 and $0.25-$2 per foot, respectively. The grade C types come within a cheaper range of $0.2-$1 per linear foot. ….

What Is PEX B? A silane process, or steam or moisture cross-linking, is used to form PEX B pipe once the HDPE is extruded. The product is passed through steam. Meanwhile, a silane catalyst triggers cross …With the Viega PEX system you can use manual press tools ($215-380 per size) or automatic Ridgid ProPress Tools. One very large advantage for the Ridgid ProPress ( 210-B with PEX Jaws) is that you can not only use it with the PEX system but with a simple change of head you can use it for pressing copper and stainless steel pipe & fittings.PEX-A, which has the most flexible tubing and best freeze- and kink resistance, is ideal for use with kitchen and bath fixtures. PEX-B is slightly less flexible and less freeze-resistant. Both types of tubing come in three colors—red, white, and blue—in diameters ranging from 1/4-inch to 3 inches. While the tubing is the same regardless of ...Application. From an application standpoint, PEX-a can work with any terminal unit in a hydronic heating system — fan-coil units, baseboards, radiators, chilled beams, VAV (variable air volume) reheat terminal units, radiant manifolds, etc. PEX-a is regulated by ASTM F876, which denotes a maximum temperature rating of 200°F at 80 psi.First, a PEX doesn’t require glue, which means you don’t have to work in well-ventilated spaces or wear a respirator. PEX is less likely than CPVC to burst if it freezes. Also, since PEX is more flexible and available in long lengths, it can work better for ‘fishing’ through walls in remodeling situations. 4/15. Family Handyman.The main difference lies in the type of fittings used. PEX-A fittings are more versatile and can be used with both PEX-A and PEX-B pipes, while PEX-B requires specific insert-style fittings designed for crimping or clamping. It’s important to note that mixing different types of fittings may result in compatibility issues.Mar 4, 2024 · While PEX-b claims to be approved for use with expansion fittings, the pipe does not have the same elasticity as PEX-a and can therefore experience microcracks when expanding. Hence, PEX-b typically works best with smaller-diameter insert-style fittings that are secured by a crimp tool. The downside with insert crimp fittings is the restricted ... Dec 22, 2022 · Because PEX pipe is manufactured with a copper tube size (CTS) outside diameter and an SDR of 9, it allows designers and installers to use the same hangers, supports and insulation as copper piping systems. For risers, use CTS riser clamps on the base of each floor to control for expansion and contraction. hePEX has a better lifespan than AquaPEX due to its Oxygen Barrier properties. Cold and hot water will be less likely to affect the physical construction of hePEX. Hence, you will be less likely to see any development of rust or corrosion in hePEX pipes soon. Price. hePEX is a little bit pricier than AquaPEX. Difference between pex a and pex b, One of the most apparent differences is that PEX A is very flexible and doesn’t show any coil memory. So, as a user, you can repair any kinks simply with a heat gun. On the other PEX C is manufactured via the Electronic irradiation or cold method of cross-linking. PEX C is also more vulnerable to kinks and damage. , First and foremost is a high rate of chemical leaching – from 50% to over 200% higher than PEX-B (2), which is a major concern for plumbing applications. Second is the price, which coupled with fittings and tools may become as much as 2-3 times higher than PEX-B or PEX-C options. While a leading PEX-A manufacturer claims that their tubing has ... , Around the mid-2000s in China, it was impossible to walk the streets of major cities without encountering a 拆 sprayed at every turn. Pronounced “chai,” the word means “to demolish,..., While both Viega and SharkBite PEX meet the industry standard ASTM F876, the conversation around UV resistance introduces a difference. Viega PEX offers a minimum UV resistance of six months while SharkBite PEX offers UV resistance for just one month. (The scenario is similar for Uponor PEX, a PEX-a product in which UV resistance ranges between ..., Sep 13, 2022 · So PEX-A is the cheaper of the lot. PEX-B is cheap in line installations, and PEX- C is not known for its flexibility or resistance. Because of its negligible usage and the reluctance of manufacturers to produce it, PEX-C has little value in installations. That said, PEX-C is also prone to cracking and kinking. Read: PEX vs CPVC Comparison. , Amazon. com links :Iwiss Pex Expansion tools: https://amzn.to/3avHLkrMilwaukee Pex expansion tools: https://amzn.to/3Pq5H7DAmazon.ca links :Iwiss Pex expansi..., When comparing the durability of PEX and copper pipes, PEX has a life expectancy of 30 to 50 years, while copper pipes typically last 50 to 70 years. Generally, people consider copper pipes to be the more durable option. However, it is important to note that exposing PEX to boiling water (180 degrees Fahrenheit or higher) or water with high ..., SmartNews, the news aggregation app that hit a unicorn valuation last year, has spent its time growing its local news feature. With the United States presidential election undersco..., PEX-a is the highest flexibility PEX tubing and popular brands include Rehau, Uponor (formerly called Wirsbo) and VesiPex. Typically, PEX-a is used with cold expansion fittings (F1960) or Uponor / Wirsbo’s brand name Propex fittings. Other expansion fittings that can be used are F2080 or Rehau’s Everloc fitting. , Apollo PEX-A and PEX-B are quite similar. All meet ASTM standards, NSF certified for use with potable water, and are extremely flexible for plumbing use. Both are made from cross-linked polyethylene but use different processes to produce the cross-linked polymers. PEX-A involves the “Engel” process which introduces peroxides to HDPE to ... , PEX A is usually labeled as “PEX-A” or “CPSU” while PEX B is typically labeled as “PEX-B” or “PBK.” You can also examine the outside of the pipe for further identification. Both types of PEX have a smooth outer layer, but with closer inspection you will notice that PEX A has a dimpled texture and is slightly more flexible than ... , India’s central bank has identified Big Tech's push into financial services as a challenge for banks in the South Asian market. India’s central bank has identified Big Tech’s push ..., Read: Copper vs PEX Piping. Why Switch from Poly B™ to PEX Piping. We will discuss some exceptional qualities of the PEX A pipe, that makes it the perfect pipe for the replacement of Poly B™ piping. Exceptional Flexibility; The PEX A pipe is seen to be the best because of the ability to stand impacts and freezing. It’s flexibility also ..., Discover the difference between PEX-A and PEX-B! PEX-A offers superior flexibility and resistance to kinking. It can expand and contract without any damage, while PEX-B is more rigid. Plus, PEX-A is better in extreme temperatures and offers greater durability. Don’t forget, both pipes meet industry standards, but …, Sep 14, 2021 · When it comes to the joining method, PEX A vs PEX B fittings, PEX A uses an expansion-style fitting, which is much larger in diameter than the PEX B fittings and requires an expansion tool. The expansion tool helps you enlarge the pipe and sleeve in order to slide in the fitting. Due to PEX A’s great expandability, the material will shrink ... , PEX is formed when polyethylene molecules are cross-linked (PEX is an acronym for “polyethylene cross-linked”) through one of three methods. The resulting products are known as PEX-a, PEX-b, and PEX-c. Despite some claims, these designations do not correspond to a rating system on quality but only to how the tubing was manufactured. , Prepared by PPI’s Building & Construction Division, PPI TN-31 Differences Between Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) and Polybutylene (PB) Piping Systems for …, Amazon. com links :Iwiss Pex Expansion tools: https://amzn.to/3avHLkrMilwaukee Pex expansion tools: https://amzn.to/3Pq5H7DAmazon.ca links :Iwiss Pex expansi... , Mar 31, 2020 · For water lines there are three PEX supply grades: PEX-A, PEX-B and PEX-C. They’re manufactured differently, PEX-A being slightly more flexible. If you’re ordering online, go ahead and spend a few cents extra for PEX-A. But don’t go running around town looking for it; the difference isn’t that big. , Choose between PEX-A, PEX-B, or other tubing. Tubing Size: Select the appropriate diameter (e.g., 1/2″) Tubing Spacing: Determine the distance between tubing runs. ... What is the difference between PEX A and PEX B for radiant heat? PEX-A and PEX-B are two common types of PEX tubing. PEX-A is known for its greater flexibility, …, In the case of the PEX pipes, the price will vary with the pipe grade A, B or C. You can buy grades A and B by spending around $0.3-$2.5 and $0.25-$2 per foot, respectively. The grade C types come within a cheaper range of $0.2-$1 per linear foot., PEX, or cross-linked polyethylene, has become a popular choice for plumbing pipes due to its flexibility, durability, and cost-effectiveness. However, there are two types of PEX: A and B. In this blog post, we’ll explore the differences between PEX A and B and help you decide which one is best for your plumbing needs. PEX A vs. PEX B, Instagram confirmed it’s developing a new feature called “Favorites,” which would allow users to select certain accounts whose posts they would like to see higher in their feed. A ..., PEX pipes are still acceptable in these countries for both homes and other building installations. 1.PEX is cross-linked while PB is not. 2.PEX is able to tolerate much higher pressures than PB. 3.PEX is able to tolerate much higher and lower temperatures than PB. 4.PEX is more resistant to chlorine than PB., PEX-b: This type is formed using silane, or moisture cure, method. It is the most common PEX pipe and is offered in more sizes than PEX-a. It is compatible with SharkBite Max and crimp fittings systems. PEX-c: This type is created using the electronic irradiation, or cold, method of cross-linking. , Uponor PEX-a pipe consistently tests to nearly double the burst pressure requirement for PEX pipes. PEX-b manufacturers claim their pipe offers higher burst pressures. However, the manufacturing process for PEX-b that results in higher burst pressures comes at a cost: PEX-b pipe is a stiffer product that experiences micro-cracking when expanded ..., Choose between PEX-A, PEX-B, or other tubing. Tubing Size: Select the appropriate diameter (e.g., 1/2″) Tubing Spacing: Determine the distance between tubing runs. ... What is the difference between PEX A and PEX B for radiant heat? PEX-A and PEX-B are two common types of PEX tubing. PEX-A is known for its greater flexibility, …, As painful as divorce is, it also comes with financial implications that can add to the grief. Here's how to achieve financial peace of mind in divorce. Getting a divorce can take ..., Being stuck behind a slow-moving car on an open road can be very rankling. You want to pass, but on a two-lane road, you also don't want to crash into a truck in the opposite lane...., Unfortunately there are no universal fittings to fit both PEX-A and PEX-B. PEX-A works perfectly with expansion fittings while PEX-B uses insert style fittings. PEX …, Oct 29, 2022 ... Zurn Pex B has some issues. The manufacturing process has manufacturing defects from time to time and the pipe must be examined before it is ..., The differences, distinct qualities, installation techniques, durability, pricing, purposes, and other significant considerations for PEX A and PEX B are addressed …, Our M12™ ProPEX® Expansion Tool Kit features an auto-rotating head providing even expansions for the most consistent installations. A compact right-angle design allows you to install tubing in tight locations with handed operation fast and easy. The expander tool's all-metal gears and an integrated metal frame deliver maximum tool durability ...